War Begins (1337)

The Spark that Ignited the Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War, a protracted conflict between England and France, had its origins in a pivotal event that took place in 1337. This marked the beginning of a century-long struggle that would shape the political landscape of Europe. The war was triggered by King Edward III of England's audacious claim to the French crown, challenging the authority of King Philip VI of France. This article delves into the causes, context, and consequences of the war's inception, shedding light on the historical significance of this monumental conflict.

Claim to the French Crown

King Edward III, a Plantagenet monarch of England, asserted his right to the French throne based on his lineage from the French Capetian dynasty. Edward's mother, Isabella of France, was the daughter of King Philip IV of France. Upon Philip's death, the French crown passed to his sons, but as they died without male heirs, Edward believed he had a legitimate claim to the throne through his mother's bloodline.

Tensions and Pretexts

The situation leading up to the war was a complex web of political, dynastic, and territorial disputes. The English and French had a long history of rivalry and territorial clashes, with conflicting claims over territories such as Gascony and Flanders. Economic conflicts, trade disputes, and the desire to control lucrative wool and cloth markets further strained relations between the two powers.

Edward III of England (1327-1377)

Edward's Allegiance

At the outset, it is essential to understand that Edward III was not merely a foreign king vying for the French crown. He spent his early years in France and was raised in the French court. Moreover, as the Duke of Aquitaine, he was a vassal to the French crown. However, tensions escalated when Philip VI confiscated Aquitaine in response to Edward's refusal to pay homage to him. This act further fueled Edward's determination to assert his claim.

Declaration of War

In 1337, Edward III declared war on Philip VI, officially initiating the conflict known as the Hundred Years' War. Edward's proclamation was grounded in his belief that he was the rightful ruler of France, and he intended to press his claim through military force. The war began with English naval raids and campaigns in France, marking the start of a tumultuous era in European history.

Early English Victories

The English initially enjoyed some notable successes on the battlefield. Edward III's army employed innovative tactics and weaponry, such as the devastating longbow, which proved instrumental in their victories. The Battle of Sluys in 1340 demonstrated English naval supremacy, while the Battle of Crécy in 1346 showcased the power of the English longbow and the effectiveness of defensive formations.

French Resilience and Reversals

Although the English made significant gains, the French were resilient and gradually recovered. Despite suffering setbacks, they rallied under the leadership of figures like Bertrand du Guesclin and Olivier de Clisson. The French began adopting new military strategies, employing tactics such as guerilla warfare and sieges to wear down the English forces. Gradually, the tide of the war began to turn in favor of the French.

Implications and Long-term Consequences

The initiation of the Hundred Years' War had far-reaching implications for both England and France. It solidified the notion of national identity in each country and fostered a sense of patriotism. The war also had profound socio-economic effects, including the devastation of the countryside, famine, and the emergence of new military technologies. Moreover, it reshaped the balance of power in Europe, leading to shifts in alliances and the decline of feudalism.

Conclusion

The declaration of war by King Edward III in 1337 set in motion a century-long conflict that would reshape the political, social, and military landscapes of both England and France. Driven by Edward's claim to the French crown, the war unleashed a series of battles, sieges, and diplomatic maneuvers that would define the Hundred Years' War. It was a complex and multifaceted conflict that went beyond a mere dispute over royal succession, encompassing economic, territorial, and nationalistic ambitions. The War Begins (1337) represents the incendiary spark that ignited a long and tumultuous chapter in European history.